Thesis: How the methods of patrolling and detective work have changed policing due to scientific and technological changes in the past century. I will compare and contrast past methods used to enforce the law like changes from a patty wagon to modern cars and equipment used.

I. Introduction to patrol and detective work
II. History of patrolling
III. History of detective work
IV. Old technology and methods used for patrolling and detective work
V. New technology methods used
VI. Conclusion to patrolling and detective work

The author of this paper will compare the history of patrolling and detective work to modern methods. The author of this paper will also compare and contrast past methods used to enforce the law like changes from the foot patrol to the patty wagon and then to modern car and equipment used for patrolling. Next the author will give you a little information on detective work, like how 80% of criminals are caught by detective work. The paper will show how patrolling and detective methods have been modified to prevent crime in the United States.

Ways of Patrolling in the Past

    The Book Community Policing- A Contemporary Perspective the second edition written by Robert Trojanowiez, Victor E. Kappeler, Larry K. Gaines, and Bonnie Bacqueroux has a good section on the history of patrolling. This book show the background of policing from the British roots, vigilantism, Police Reform on the 1930s , and the challenges of the late 1980s as a few examples of the history of policing. This book gives a great comparison of all the types of policing in the history to the modern ways of policing which we use now. The only faults of this book are that the book’s main purpose is to be a “Contemporary perspective” of policing and this book is a second edition of a series of book written in the 1990s. I am using the book for a view of the history of policing so I can only use the first few chapters.

    The next book used for finding information on the history of policing is Critical Issues in Policing by Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Alpert. Section One of this book is titled an Introduction and Historical Overview of policing. This section shows the development of the American Police system which is a historical overview of patrolling by Craig D. Uchida. This overview shows a large aspect of policing because it gives the opinion of many different authors. There is only one problem with this book and it is that all the authors may not believe the same thing as all the other authors.

    The last source I will use in the history of policing is an internet source titled “Police Patrol Officers” found at found at http://icpac.indiana.edu/careers_profits/100414.xml/education_and_training. This is a good source from Indiana University, which has great criminal justice classes, and is a sound source that will supply information about the history of policing in many ways. It supplies the information needed to prepare for preparation, skills needed, and values of a police officer.

Modern Ways of Patrolling

    The first source for modern ways of patrolling is an internet source titled “Perspectives of Police Patrol” found at http://www.clede.com/courses/opa0006.html. This is an overview of police work’s basic function and tells you what skills are needed to be a police patrol officer. The only fault this site is that it may have a few things of information that may not be totally correct, because some of the information may have been written by a student.

    The next source of modern ways of policing is Officer.com. This is a good site where you can find information on anything you need about policing. It is a great source where you can find charts and statistics of every aspect of law enforcement like modern police methods. Most of the information on the site does not have anything to do with modern day policing, but everything I may need to know or look up will be on this site.

    The last source of finding information on modern policing is going to be from our text book titled Policing in America by Gaines, L. and Kappeler, V.. The text book is a good way finding information on what methods police officers use today while on patrol. It also will be great for finding term’s definitions, important people in the finding of modern methods of patrolling, and dates. The only fault of the book is it has a few varying ideas by different people, but for the most part it is a great source.

Past Ways of Detective Work

    The first source is a book called Foundations of Criminal Investigation by Frank Morn. This is a fair source of finding information on the past ways of investigation. This book has a whole chapter on the History of investigation. This will be useful for finding names and concepts in the past for investigation. The only bad part of the book is it is mostly on the modern ways of investigation, but the second chapter on the history is a great source.

    The next book is Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation the third edition by Arne Svenson, Otto Wendel, and Barry A.J. Fisher. This is a good source for the history of detective work describing the old methods that were used by detectives to put clues together. This book is separated into crimes and how to solve each crime. This will give me a good idea of what methods were used in most investigations, but it is bad because it will mean I have to read a lot and put together what I believe to be their methods.

    The last source I will use in the history of detective work is a personal interview with the former Police chief of Rocky Mount. He is Ben C. Richardson, my grandfather. He worked in all the areas of policing and detective work. He was the police chief for many years, but his love of policing was being a detective. He will be a great source to find out ways of investigation with out all the modern technology we have today. The only bad part of this is if he can remember all the methods he used to get evidence.

Modern ways of Detective Work

    The first source is a book titled Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation. This is a great new book on the methods used today in crime scene investigation. This book tells the newest techniques and procedures necessary in modern law enforcement. This book explains all the rules and procedures a detective must use to find evidence. Its only downfall is that I can not understand all the terminology used in the book.

    The next source is a Police promotion study guide called Crime Investigation. This is a study guide for detectives that ask questions and answer them all. It is a great source to read for new methods that a detective must know. The down fall of the book is that it is going to be hard to use within my paper because it is not a book but it is a question and answer sheet.

    The last source I have now is a website called “Police the Detective Training Institute Prepares you for the 21st Century” found at http://www.detectivetraining.com/investigator_school.html. This shows what a modern day detective has to learn and shows the tools they may use. This is a good website for learning about tools they use to solve crimes now so I can compare them to the old ways. The only bad thing is I don’t know their termination so I have to do a lot of work translating what the mean.

CHART 1

Six Month Statistics for Calendar Year 2003

Total Defendants Disposed of	365
Defendants Disposed of by Plea Agreement	285	78.1%
Defendants Disposed of by Trial	44	12.0%
Defendants Dismissed	36	9.9%
Breakdown of Defendants Disposed of
Defendants Sentenced to Cedar Junction	206	56.4%
Defendants Sentenced to Concord	1	0.3%
Defendants Sentenced to House of Correction	60	16.4%
Defendants Who Received Probation	40	11.0%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Placed on File	6	1.6%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Filed w/o Plea or Finding	1	0.3%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Dismissed	36	9.9%
Defendants Found Not Guilty after Jury Trial and Jury Waived Trial	15	4.1%
Total:	365	100%
Total Defendants Convicted	313	85.8%
Trial Statistics
Total Defendants Disposed of by Trial	44
Defendants Disposed of By Jury Trial	43
Defendants Disposed of By Jury Waived Trial	1
Defendants Found Guilty After Jury Trial	28	65%
Defendants Found Not Guilty After Jury Trial	15	35%
Defendants Found Guilty After Jury-Waived Trial	1	100%
Defendants Found Not Guilty After Jury-Waived Trial	0	0%
Total Defendants Found Guilty After Trial	29	66%
Total Defendants Found Not Guilty After Trial	15	34%
Drug Statistics
Drug Defendants Disposed of	144
Drug Defendants Convicted	124	86.1%
Breakdown
Drug Defendants Sentenced to Cedar Junction	88	61.1%
Drug Defendants Sentenced to the House of Correction	26	18.0%
Drug Defendants Who Received Probation	9	6.3%
Drug Defendants Whose Indictments were Placed on File	1	0.7%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Filed w/o Plea or Finding	0	0.0%
Drug Defendants Whose Indictments were Dismissed	18	12.5%
Drug Defendants Found Not Guilty After Trial	2	1.4%
Total:	144	100%

Cumulative
Total Defendants disposed of	2407
Defendants Disposed of by Plea Agreement	1926	80.0%
Defendants Disposed of by Trial	301	12.5%
Defendants Dismissed	180	7.5%
Disposition Breakdown
Defendants Sentenced to Cedar Junction	1214	50.4%
Defendants Sentenced to House of Correction	524	21.8%
Defendants Who Received Probation	315	13.1%
Defendants Fined	4	0.2%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Placed on File	44	1.8%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Filed Without Plea or Finding	8	0.3%
Defendants Whose Indictments were Dismissed	180	7.5%
Defendants Found Not Guilty After Jury Trial and Jury Waived Trial	118	4.9%
Total	2407	100%
Total Defendants Convicted	2101	87.3%
Trial Statistics
Total Defendants Disposed of by Trial	301
Defendants Disposed of By Jury Trial	272
Defendants Disposed of By Jury Waived Trial	29
Defendants Found Guilty After Jury Trial	170	63%
Defendants Found Not Guilty After Jury Trial	102	37%
Defendants Found Guilty After Jury Waived Trial	13	45%
Defendants Found Not Guilty After Jury Waived Trial	16	55%
Total Defendants Found Guilty After Trial	183	61%
Total Defendants Found Not Guilty After Trial	118	39%
Drug Case Statistics
Drug Defendants Disposed of	1114
Drug Defendants Convicted	990	88.9%
Drug Case Disposition Breakdown
Drug Defendants Sentenced to Cedar Junction	581	52.2%
Drug Defendants Sentenced to the House of Correction	250	22.4%
Drug Defendants Who Received Probation	155	13.9%
Drug Defendants Fined	1	0.1%
Drug Defendants Whose Indictments were Placed on File	3	0.3%
Drug Defendants Whose Indictments were Filed Without Plea or Finding	0	0.0%
Drug Defendants Whose Indictments were Dismissed	86	7.7%
Drug Defendants Found Not Guilty After Trial	38	3.4%
Total	1114	100%

These superior court convictions and incarcerations rates show that in the past decade there has been a large decline in local and national crime rates. I will use this chart to show that the crime rates are decreasing more and more as our technology and knowledge about detective work and policing increases. This chart shows that 80% of those defendants resolved their cases by entering guilty pleas, while less than 13% of the defendants took their cases to trial. This means that the criminals know that our technology is increasing and that they have a much smaller chance to get away with a serious crime. In the past it would have been easier to get away with a crime because the lack of technology left a huge lack of evidence that we would have today.

CHART 2

These next three charts show the 2002 Holden Charts and Graphs. I will be able to show how although crime reports are lower than ever that there is still a higher lever of arrest. This means that the advances in technology is getting much better since 1994 where there was almost 250 crimes reported and 8000 calls for service and only about 200 arrests. Since then in Holden now there are about 150 crimes reported about 11000 calls for service and about 400 arrests. All though crimes reported is lower there are still more arrests. The author can use this to prove and advance in technology and how it helps the crime rates.

These are a few of the charts the author will use to show how technology advances has helped the policing and detective aspects of criminal justice.

In conclusion without these advances in technology our ways of policing and detective work would be much harder and much less successful than it is today. Just think of how much easier it would be for someone to commit any crime and get away when we did not have all the scientific tools used today. Today police have a much greater chance of catching a fugitive due to the integration of science and detective work. Without the modification of science we would not have all the different areas of patrol such as: automobile, aircraft, bicycle, motorcycle, and watercraft patrol. Without the huge growth of technology these areas of patrol would be less likely to be around because since we have the knowledge to put computers in cars, aircrafts, and on watercrafts we can use those devices to catch criminals. Detectives tend to be look at as the elite and highly paid part of the police force. Detectives spend much of their time at a desk reading reports, going to meetings, doing paperwork, and discussing procedures of criminal investigation. A very small amount of every police force is detectives, usually around 10%. It is the Detective's job to trace down leads, clues and suggestions in an effort to arrest and prosecute the guilty persons. Cases usually handled by detectives include pre, mid and post matrimonial cases, fraud, labour unrest cases, asset location, industrial espionage, commercial and employment cases. In order for our detectives to keep getting better most of the time a trainee is taught the finer points of detection, how to use gadgets and security systems, by a detective who has been on the job for a long time. The trainee will ride around and observe how the detective works, finds information, and use different methods of gathering evidence. This method of training detectives will assure that the detective methods will only continue to increase. Our patrolling and detective methods in the United States will only continues to get better as the years go on and out technology gets better with time.